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Antibiotics are often categorized based on the type of microorganism they target. Below is an outline of common antibiotic classes grouped by their target organisms:

 

1. Antibacterial Antibiotics (Target Bacteria)

 

Gram-Positive Bacteria

 

• Penicillins

• Mechanism: Inhibit cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).

• Examples: Penicillin G, Amoxicillin, Nafcillin

• Cephalosporins

• Mechanism: Inhibit cell wall synthesis (similar to penicillin but broader spectrum).

• Examples: Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Cefalexin

• Glycopeptides

• Mechanism: Inhibit cell wall synthesis by binding to peptidoglycan precursors.

• Examples: Vancomycin, Teicoplanin

• Lincosamides

• Mechanism: Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit.

• Examples: Clindamycin

• Macrolides

• Mechanism: Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit.

• Examples: Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin

• Tetracyclines

• Mechanism: Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit.

• Examples: Doxycycline, Minocycline

• Oxazolidinones

• Mechanism: Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, specifically at the initiation phase.

• Examples: Linezolid

• Streptogramins

• Mechanism: Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit.

• Examples: Quinupristin/dalfopristin

 

Gram-Negative Bacteria

 

• Beta-Lactam Antibiotics (Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams)

• Mechanism: Inhibit cell wall synthesis by binding to PBPs.

• Examples: Piperacillin, Ceftriaxone, Imipenem, Aztreonam

• Fluoroquinolones

• Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial DNA replication by targeting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.

• Examples: Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin

• Aminoglycosides

• Mechanism: Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit.

• Examples: Gentamicin, Amikacin, Tobramycin

• Polymyxins

• Mechanism: Disrupt the bacterial cell membrane by interacting with phospholipids.

• Examples: Polymyxin B, Colistin (Polymyxin E)

• Sulfonamides

• Mechanism: Inhibit the synthesis of folic acid (which is necessary for bacterial growth).

• Examples: Sulfamethoxazole (often combined with trimethoprim as cotrimoxazole)

 

Anaerobic Bacteria

 

• Metronidazole

• Mechanism: Damages DNA by forming toxic radicals after reduction in the bacterial cell.

• Examples: Metronidazole

• Clindamycin

• Mechanism: Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit.

• Examples: Clindamycin

 

2. Antifungal Antibiotics (Target Fungi)

 

Systemic Fungal Infections

 

• Polyenes

• Mechanism: Bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores and causing cell leakage.

• Examples: Amphotericin B, Nystatin

• Azoles

• Mechanism: Inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol by blocking the enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase, which is involved in the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol.

• Examples: Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole

• Echinocandins

• Mechanism: Inhibit β-(1,3)-D-glucan synthase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of glucan, a major component of the fungal cell wall.

• Examples: Caspofungin, Micafungin, Anidulafungin

• Allylamines

• Mechanism: Inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol by blocking squalene epoxidase, an enzyme critical for ergosterol production.

• Examples: Terbinafine, Naftifine

 

3. Antiviral Antibiotics (Target Viruses)

 

While antibiotics are generally used for bacterial infections, some antivirals are prescribed to treat specific viral infections.

 

Nucleoside Analogues

 

• Mechanism: Mimic the structure of nucleotides to interfere with viral replication by inhibiting reverse transcriptase or viral DNA polymerase.

• Examples: Acyclovir (for herpes viruses), Zidovudine (AZT) (for HIV), Ganciclovir (for CMV)

 

Protease Inhibitors

 

• Mechanism: Inhibit viral proteases, preventing the maturation of new virions.

• Examples: Ritonavir, Lopinavir (for HIV), Simeprevir (for HCV)

 

Neuraminidase Inhibitors

 

• Mechanism: Block the enzyme neuraminidase, which is essential for the release of new viral particles from infected cells.

• Examples: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), Zanamivir (Relenza) (for influenza)

 

4. Antiprotozoal Antibiotics (Target Protozoa)

 

Protozoa are single-celled organisms that can cause diseases like malaria, amoebiasis, and giardiasis.

 

Antimalarial Drugs

 

• Mechanism: Interfere with the life cycle of the malaria parasite (e.g., Plasmodium).

• Examples: Chloroquine, Artemisinin, Mefloquine

 

Antiamoebic Drugs

 

• Mechanism: Disrupt the metabolism and growth of amoebae.

• Examples: Metronidazole, Tinidazole (for Entamoeba histolytica)

 

Anti-Giardiasis Drugs

 

• Mechanism: Inhibit DNA synthesis or disrupt the structure of protozoa.

• Examples: Metronidazole, Tinidazole

 

5. Antihelminthic Drugs (Target Helminths)

 

Helminths are parasitic worms like roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes.

 

Anti-roundworm Drugs

 

• Mechanism: Interfere with the helminth’s ability to absorb glucose, leading to paralysis and death.

• Examples: Albendazole, Mebendazole

 

Antitapeworm Drugs

 

• Mechanism: Paralyze the tapeworm or damage its structure.

• Examples: Praziquantel, Niclosamide

 

Antifilarial Drugs

 

• Mechanism: Kill the adult worms or inhibit their reproduction.

• Examples: Ivermectin, Diethylcarbamazine

 

Summary Table: Antibiotic Nomenclature Based on Target Organism